[Composed 9/21/2024]
After touring the US Coast Guard Cutter 37 we headed to our final ship of the day: the USS Constellation. Since we arrived in Baltimore we had been referring to this vessel as the 'pirate ship' because its towering masts looked the part.
While winding our way through an exhibition on the way to boarding I learned that the Constellation is so much cooler than a pirate ship: it was, among other roles, an Anti-Slaver. For its early mission in the 1850's it served as the Flag Ship for the African Squadron and helped enforce anti-slave trade laws.
But wait, you might ask, wasn't slavery still legal in the US at this time? It was. There's clearly a duality going on with this mission. On one hand, it feels modern and progressive, with the US providing resources to fight the scourge of slavery half-way around the world; doing so with an integrated crew. This 1844 report from the US Navy underscores this perspective:
The operations of the [Africa] squadron have, it is believed, exercised a favorable influence in preventing the slave trade. With the provision of our law denouncing it as piracy, and the presence of our own Naval forces, with authority to visit all vessels under the American flag, it is not probable that our citizens will engage in this disgraceful and perilous traffic, or our flag, be used by others to any great extent.
If other Christian nations would inflict the same punishment on the offenders, it is not improbable that the trade would cease.
On the other hand, you had figures like Commodore Issac Mayo who commanded the African Squadron for a time and who himself was an enslaver. While he was off rescuing captured individuals he was making headlines at home for individuals trying to escape his capture.
The USS Constellation's anti-slavery duties ended when it was recalled as part of the Civil War.
Once we boarded the Constellation, we perused the upper deck, known as the spar deck. At the front of the ship we found a ranger talking about, and preparing to fire, the ship's forward Parrott rifle (alas, named for Mr. Parrott, not the bird). G, I think fearing a loud explosion, wanted nothing to do with this demonstration. So we put some distance between the ranger and ourselves.
We wandered the spar deck and admired the masts, endless lines, and other cool sailing features. Of course, we took turns 'driving' the ship by putting our hands on the ship's wheel, or as it's properly known, the helm.
The helm underscores a common theme of the USS Constellation: simplicity. The helm looks impressive, but it's little more than a wheel connected to the ship's tiller by a rope. The tiller is then connected to the rudder, which steers the vessel. This tiller and rudder arrangement is the same configuration I used to steer my tiny Sunfish sailboat when earning my Sailing Merit Badge in the 1990's.
To further emphasize the simplicity of this setup, if the helm gets damaged it's possible to send sailors below to the tiller room, where steering can be done directly.
From the Spar deck we made our way down a level to the Gun deck. Here we found an impressive array of canon, all seemingly ready to bombard Baltimore's inner harbor. From what I can tell, the impressive looking fire power was one of USS Constellation's most important assets. With it, it could camouflage the fact that she was a sail only vessel built at a time when her competition didn't solely rely on wind. This put her at an almost comical disadvantage to modern enemy ships.
Her attempt to run down a Confederate ship in 1864 proves the point succinctly:
On Dec. 19, 1864, as the Union warship sailed north, a blockade runner was sighted. Stellwagen gave chase. The quarry, however, realizing that its pursuer lacked steam power, engaged its engines and escaped to windward.
Was the public outraged that their their tax dollars were spent to build an inferior relic? It's seems they were not; they saw all those glorious guns and cheered the effort on.
The Western Democrat, Charlotte, NC, September 15, 1854:
The new sloop-of-war Constellation is capable of throwing a greater weight of metal than her namesake the frigate, and is somewhat larger in her dimensions. She is one hundred and seventy six feet between perpendiculars ; beam, forty-one ; hold to gundeck, twenty-one ; length on the load line, one hundred and seventy. The new ship his been built with a spar deck, on which she will mount two ten inch, pivot guns ; on the gun deck she will carry twenty guns, sixteen ; sixty-eightpounders, and four long thirtv-pouuders, which will make her a very formidable man-of war.
Grand River Times, Grad Haven, Michigan, October 11, 1854 A Peace Maker. The Constellation a new sloop of war, of 1,400 tons and 201 feet in length is to be launched at Portsmouth on the 25th inst. This vessel we learn from the Globe, presents to the eye a structure of strength and capacity scarcely equalled in our navy by any vessel below a first class frigate. On her gun deck she has twenty-four ports, but will only mount twenty guns, 16 of 68 pounders and 4 long 32 pounders. On her spar deck forward and aft, she will mount 2 ten-shell guns on pivots, carrying a ball weighing 120 pounds. Her spars will be about the same as a second class frigate, her main yard being 90 feet in length.
This vessel, the Globe thinks, will bo the model sloop-of-war of the world.
Then, as now, appearance goes a long a way.
However, before you write off the Constellation as a bureaucratic fiasco, you do need to appreciate that the old school sail-only tech wasn't without advantages.
Then as now, the navy consider's a ship's endurance, that is: "the minimum amount of burnable fuel the ship must carry." With wind power only, the USS Constellation had nearly unlimited endurance, which made it ideal for long distance missions.
So what do you do with a vessel that mainly looks tough and can travel long distances without breaking a sweat? You deploy them overseas in diplomatic roles. Which is exactly what they did with the Constellation. Even after she was recalled to mainland for the Civil War, she was again sent out to the Mediterranean Sea to "protect US interests." What a clever use for a ship who's strengths could be affectionately considered unique.
From the guns we made our way forward to the captain's quarters. The USS Constellation may have wildly different construction and tech (or lack there of) from the sub and cutter we toured earlier, but some elements remain unchanged. One is that the captain's space will always be the most luxurious. Here too we find this to be the case. Our favorite feature of the captain's quarter's: he has not one, but two bathrooms for his use. And by bathroom, I mean a seat he can sit on with an opening to the sea below. Now that's luxury!
From the Gun deck, we descended another level to the berth deck.
The berth deck is where the sailors live, and everything about it underscore's the simplicity of the Constellation's design. With hammocks hung in place, it becomes the sleeping quarters. With hammocks stowed, and picnic blankets (not the historically accurate term, but essentially the same thing) spread out, it becomes a mess hall. With picnic blankets stashed away, it becomes a rec room.
The curators of the ship gave us a taste of this setup, with a few hammocks hung up and a tarp spread out with some dinner ware on top. We asked, and sure enough, they encouraged us to climb into the hammocks and give them a try. G and I gladly obliged. It wasn't half bad, swinging there for a few moments without a care in the world.
And yet, when you consider the reality of life aboard a ship, that care free image quickly evaporates. With approximately 220 sailors on board, those hammocks must have been packed together like sardines. The low ceilings meant that one could barely stand, and lack of seating meant that sitting wasn't especially comfortable either. Natural light is limited, and the only artificial light available was by flame; a scary proposition considering you're floating on a wooden vessel draped in canvas. There are three toilets available on the entire ship, two of which were in the captains suite for his use. In short, these sailors had it rough.
Finally, we descended to the final deck, the Hold. Here G's height became a true asset, as I found myself nearly having to crawl to avoid hitting my head. The Hold was the ship's storage area. It's also here that you can see the oldest parts of the ship, much of which goes back to its 1854 launching.
Given the long distance missions that the Constellation undertook, the Hold, with it's life supporting supplies, would have been a critical feature of the ship. I couldn't find any specifics on how long the Constellation went without resupply, but I did find this 1846 record of the USS Yorktown making the journey from its Africa Squadron base back to the Boston area. The Yorktown, like the Constellation was a sloop of war, though, she was smaller and had nearly half the number of crew aboard. Still, it took her 27 days to cross the Atlantic.
That's weeks of nothing but featureless blue. The captain would benefit from modern (for the time period) navigation tech that would make the crossing relatively safe and predictable. But still, all that separated the crew from starvation was the supplies in the Hold.
Again, that's a hard pass for experiences I'd like to endure.
Speaking of supplies, another notable mission the Constellation undertook was in March of 1880, when the ship's guns and ballast were removed and replaced by 2,500 barrels of potatoes and flour. The was part of a effort to deliver relief to victims of the Ireland's 1880 famine.
This mission echoed one conducted by the USS Jamestown in 1847. The Jamestown, also a sloop of war, delivered relief supplies for the Irish Famine of that era. This is considered the first instance of any nation delivering humanitarian aid to another.
Prior to 1847, the bulk of interaction between nation-states consisted mainly of warfare and other hostilities, mixed with occasional trade; the entire concept of international charity existed neither in the moral consciousness nor as part of the political strategy of monarchs or elected leaders. If anything, such a gesture toward a foreign nation would likely have been viewed as a sign of weakness.
.. More than 5,000 ships left Ireland during the great potato famine in the late 1840s, transporting the starving and the destitute away from their stricken homeland. The first vessel to sail in the other direction, to help the millions unable to escape, was the USS Jamestown, a converted warship, which left Boston in March 1847 loaded with precious food for Ireland.
Between rescuing those destined for bondage, and following in the footsteps of delivering food, not bombs, the USS Constellation sure knew how to do a Mitzvah. I left the ship with a surprising sense of pride. The USS Constellation represents not just a legacy of seamanship, but of finding innovative ways to make the world a better place.
Waving goodbye to the USS Constellation we made our way to a pizza lunch and then back to the hotel so G and I could both take naps. As mornings go, this one had been perfect!